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2.1.2. script1.sh

In this example we use the echo Bash built−in to inform the user about what is going to happen, before the task that will create the output is executed. It is strongly advised to inform users about what a script is doing, in order to prevent them from becoming nervous because the script is not doing anything. We will return to the subject of notifying users in Chapter 8.

Write this script for yourself as well. It might be a good idea to create a directory ~/scripts to hold your scripts. Add the directory to the contents of the PATH variable:
export PATH="$PATH:~/scripts"
If you are just getting started with Bash, use a text editor that uses different colours for different shell constructs. Syntax highlighting is supported by vim, gvim, (x)emacs, kwrite and many other editors; check the documentation of your favorite editor.
     Different prompts
     The prompts throughout this course vary depending on the author's mood. This resembles much more real life situations than the standard educational $ prompt. The only convention we stick to, is that the root prompt ends in a hash mark (#).

2.1.3. Executing the script

The script should have execute permissions for the correct owners in order to be runnable. When setting permissions, check that you really obtained the permissions that you want. When this is done, the script can run like any other command:

 willy:~/scripts> chmod u+x script1.sh
 willy:~/scripts> ls −l script1.sh

−rwxrw−r−−        1 willy      willy               456 Dec 24 17:11 script1.sh

willy:~> script1.sh

 The script starts now.

 Hi, willy!
 I will now fetch you a list of connected users:

 3:38pm     up 18 days, 5:37,         4 users, load average: 0.12, 0.22, 0.15
 USER        TTY        FROM                    LOGIN@    IDLE      JCPU     PCPU WHAT
 root        tty2       −                      Sat 2pm 4:25m 0.24s 0.05s −bash
 willy       :0         −                      Sat 2pm    ?        0.00s     ?       −
 willy       pts/3      −                      Sat 2pm 3:33m 36.39s 36.39s BitchX willy ir
 willy       pts/2      −                      Sat 2pm 3:33m 0.13s 0.06s /usr/bin/screen

 I'm setting two variables now.

 This is a string: black
 And this is a number: 9

 I'm giving you back your prompt now.

 willy:~/scripts> echo $COLOUR
 willy:~/scripts> echo $VALUE
 willy:~/scripts>

This is the most common way to execute a script. It is preferred to execute the script like this in a subshell. The variables, functions and aliases created in this subshell are only known to the particular bash session of that subshell. When that shell exits and the parent regains control, everything is cleaned up and all changes to the state of the shell made by the script, are forgotten.
If you did not put the scripts directory in your PATH, and . (the current directory) is not in the PATH either, you can activate the script like this:

./script_name.sh

A script can also explicitly be executed by a given shell, but generally we only do this if we want to obtain special behavior, such as checking if the script works with another shell or printing traces for debugging:

rbash script_name.sh
sh script_name.sh
bash −x script_name.sh

The specified shell will start as a subshell of your current shell and execute the script. This is done when you want the script to start up with specific options or under specific conditions which are not specified in the script.
If you don't want to start a new shell but execute the script in the current shell, you source it:

source script_name.sh
                   source = .
                   The Bash source built−in is a synonym for the Bourne shell . (dot) command. The script does not need execute permission in this case. Commands are executed in the current shell context, so any changes made to your environment will be visible when the script finishes execution:

willy:~/scripts> source script1.sh
−−output ommitted−−
willy:~/scripts> echo $VALUE
9
willy:~/scripts>